The 9 Best Vitamin Brands of 2025, According to Dietitians

With hundreds of options on the market, knowing which vitamin brands to trust and where to buy them can be overwhelming. Jamie Gershel, MS, RD, says, “It is important to choose vitamin brands that do extensive testing, ideally by an independent organization. You should also check for supplements with high-quality ingredients that lack fillers or unnecessary additives."

We've helped you take the guesswork out of finding the best vitamin brands by spending many hours researching dozens of brands. We prioritize research-backed formulations and dosages, internal and independent verification, sourcing transparency, and overall ingredient quality and brand integrity to get the vitamin brands we recommend for our top picks.

Top Picks

Best Overall:

Thorne at Amazon

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Best Ingredient Transparency:

Ritual at Amazon

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Best Gummy:

SmartyPants Vitamins at Amazon

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Best for Athletes:

Klean Athlete at Amazon

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Best Budget:

Nature Made at Amazon

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Best Allergy Friendly:

Pure Encapsulations at Amazon

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Best With Whole Food Ingredients:

Garden of Life at Amazon

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Best Personalized:

HUM at Amazon

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Best Sustainably Sourced:

Nordic Naturals at Amazon

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Editor's Note

Our team of registered dietitians reviews and evaluates every single supplement we recommend according to our dietary supplement methodology.

Always speak with a healthcare professional before adding a supplement to your routine to ensure that the supplement is appropriate for your individual needs, and to find out what dosage to take.

Best Overall

Thorne

Credit: Amazon

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Pros

Over 30 NSF Certified for Sport products
Tests many products in clinical trials
Comprehensive supplement offerings

Cons

Pricier than other options

Key Specs:
Vitamin Forms: Capsules, liquid, powder Certifications: Certain products are NSF Certified for Sport Organic: No Non-GMO: Yes, not certified

Thorne Research is a trustworthy and reputable vitamin supplement brand. It partners with various research organizations, such as the National Institutes of Health, the Mayo Clinic, and the Cleveland Clinic, and tests many of its products via clinical trials to ensure safety and efficacy. Thorne produces a variety of vitamin supplements, protein powders, collagen supplements, probiotics, omega-3s, and more.

Thorne supplements are made with quality ingredients that have been tested for contaminants. Many of Thorne's products have the NSF Certified for Sport seal. This seal verifies that supplements are verified to have accurate ingredient amounts and are free from contaminants and substances prohibited for athletes. For competitive athletes, in particular, this is an important consideration when choosing a vitamin brand.

Thorne Creatine is one of our top creatine picks because it dissolves quickly and is easy to mix.

RD Favorites from Thorne

Thorne Creatine Powder

$43

$41 at Amazon

Thorne Magnesium CitraMate

$21

$20 at Amazon

Thorne Chocolate Whey Protein Isolate

$65

$62 at Amazon

Thorne Vitamin B12

$24

$23 at Amazon

Credit: Verywell Fit
Credit: Verywell Fit
Credit: Verywell Fit

Best Ingredient Transparency

Ritual

Credit: Ritual

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Pros

Some products are USP Verified and Informed Sport Certified
Internally and independently verified
Monthly subscription service
Traceable ingredients listed on the website

Cons

Smaller range of supplement offerings

Key Specs:
Vitamin Forms: Capsules, powders Certifications: Some products are USP Verified and Clean Label Certified Organic: No Non-GMO: Yes

We love that Ritual plainly lists where all their ingredients come from, and they do internal and independent verification on their products. This means they are verified to have accurate ingredient labels and to be free of contaminants. Notably, Ritual's Women's Multivitamin is USP Verified, and the protein powder is Clean Label certified. When browsing their supplements online, you will find a list of each ingredient, including where it was sourced, the form of vitamin and mineral used, and why it has been included in the supplement.

We like their highly curated supplement offerings, which target the specific needs of different genders and stages of life. In addition to multivitamins, they offer Essential Protein Shake protein powder, which is one of our favorite vegan protein powders because it has just the right amount of sweetness and blends well in a smoothie. They also sell Synbiotic+, a single capsule combining pre-, pro-, and postbiotics to support gut health.

In addition to their extensive testing protocols, Rituals formulations and dosages are science-backed and developed by a team of doctors and registered dietitians, making them a trusted brand.

Ritual offers a single-purchase option and a monthly subscription that delivers supplements to your door making it a convenient, hassle-free option.

RD Favorites from Ritual

Ritual Essential Protein Daily Shake

$49

$45 at Amazon

Ritual Essential for Women

$37

$34 at Amazon

Ritual Men Multivitamin 18+

Ritual Essential for Men Multivitamin 18+

$37

$34 at Amazon

Ritual Synbiotic+

$60

$54 at Amazon

Credit: Verywell Fit
Credit: Verywell Fit
Credit: Verywell Fit / Leticia Almeida

Best Gummy

SmartyPants Vitamins

Credit: Amazon

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Pros

Some products are NSF Certified and have the Clean Label Product Purity Award
Some products are organic or vegetarian
Free of top food allergens
Options for various lifestages

Cons

These have added sugar and can impact dental health

Key Specs:
Vitamin Forms: Gummies, capsules Certifications: Certain products are NSF Certified and ConsumerLab approved Organic: Some products are USDA organic Non-GMO: Yes

One easy way to make your supplement intake more enjoyable is to get them in gummy form. If you are not a fan of swallowing pills, try SmartyPants, a reputable vitamin brand that makes gummy vitamins as well as capsules. Some products are NSF Certified and have the Clean Label Project Purity Award. Their website explains their testing process, and you can find specific products with certifications, awards, and results from independent verification.

The company has an organic line of vegetarian gummies, and their bottles are 100% recyclable. For every bottle of SmartyPants sold, the company makes a one-for-one nutrient grant to Vitamin Angels, an organization that provides supplements to at-risk populations worldwide. SmartyPants gummies do not contain any synthetic colors or artificial flavors, sweeteners, or preservatives, but they do have added sugars, so that is something to note if you need to monitor sugar intake.

RD Favorites from SmartyPants

SmartyPants Adult Formula Gummies

$33

$30 at Amazon

SmartyPants Women's Formula

SmartyPants Women's Multivitamin Gummies

$27

$23 at Amazon

SmartyPants Men's Formula

$37

$28 at Amazon

SmartyPants Prenatal Formula

$39

$28 at Amazon

Best for Athletes

Klean Athlete

Credit: Amazon

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Pros

NSF Certified for Sport
Free from artificial colors, flavors, and sweeteners
Supplement line is geared towards athletes

Cons

Pricier than other options

Key Specs:
Vitamin Forms: Gummies, capsules, chews, soft gels, tablets, powders Certifications: NSF Certified for Sport Organic: No Non-GMO: Yes

Athletes who are vegetarian, vegan, female, or follow restrictive diets may be at greater risk of vitamin deficiencies. If you are a competitive athlete, choosing a vitamin brand that is independently verified to ensure your supplements are free of contaminants and banned substances is even more critical.

That's why we like Klean Athlete as a vitamin brand for athletes (and non-athletes, too). Every product Klean Athlete produces is NSF Certified for Sport, so you can rest assured that it is free of banned substances and contaminants. Klean Athlete is transparent about ingredient sourcing and lab testing. In addition to this stringent independent verification, its products are all made without artificial coloring, flavoring, or sweeteners.

You can shop by your sport on their website to find supplements that may be especially helpful to get the most out of your workouts and help you recover. In our testing, we liked Klean Athlete Klean Isolate for an unflavored protein powder that can be added to smoothies, baked goods, oatmeal, yogurt, etc. Klean Athlete Klean Creatine was also our favorite tested creatine powder because it dissolves quickly and doesn't add any flavor.

RD Favorites from Klean Athlete

Klean Athlete Klean Creatine Unflavored

$33

$30 at Amazon

Klean Athlete Klean Magnesium

$26

$23 at Amazon

Klean Athlete Klean Isolate

$60 at Amazon

Klean Athlete Collagen + C

$49

$44 at Amazon

Credit: Verywell Fit
Credit: Verywell Fit
Credit: Verywell Fit

Best Budget

Nature Made

Credit: Amazon

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Pros

Many products are USP verified
Affordable
Wide variety of products

Cons

They don't always use the most bioavailable forms of certain vitamins and minerals in their supplements

Key Specs:
Vitamin Forms: Pills, gummies, soft gels Certifications: Many products are USP verified Organic: No Non-GMO: No

Nature Made is a trusted company that produces affordable vitamins. Many of its products are USP verified, meaning they have been tested for ingredient accuracy and to be free of contaminants. Nature Made also shares clinical trials that have been completed using its products.

Nature Made produces a variety of vitamin supplements, including a multivitamin, multivitamins specific to men, women, and children, and vitamins C, D, E, and K. Their vitamin supplements come in varying doses and forms, including pills and gummies. While the gummies do not contain any artificial flavors or dyes, they have added sugar. You'll notice Nature Made is featured in many of our articles as the best budget pick because their supplements are high quality without coming at a high price point.

RD Favorites from Nature Made

Nature Made Vitamin B12 Time Release

$12

$6 at Amazon

Nature Made CoQ10 100 mg with Black Pepper Extract

$9 at Amazon

Nature Made Melatonin 2.5 mg Gummies

$17

$9 at Amazon

Nature Made Multivitamin + Omega-3 Gummies

$18

$11 at Amazon

Best Allergy Friendly

Pure Encapsulations

Credit: Amazon

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Pros

Many products are free from common allergens
Collaborates with academic institutions to conduct clinical studies
Independently verified and produced in an NSF-registered facility

Cons

Limited information provided on ingredient sourcing and independent verification

Key Specs:
Vitamin Forms: Tablets, gummies, chewables, liquid, spray, powders Certifications: Many products are certified gluten-free Organic: No Non-GMO: Yes

If you have a common food allergy, you may need to be extra careful when choosing a vitamin brand. Pure Encapsulations is a trusted supplement brand whose products are free from the top food allergens, including wheat, eggs, tree nuts, and peanuts. Many but not all of their products are free from soy and dairy, so be sure to check the label if you have a sensitivity or allergy. Pure Encapsulations’ products are also free from artificial colors, flavors, and sweeteners.

Pure Encapsulations makes high-quality vitamin supplements that outside labs independently verify for ingredient accuracy. It also collaborates with academic institutions, such as the Cleveland Clinic Foundation and Women’s Hospital of Harvard Medical School, to conduct clinical studies published in peer-reviewed journals.

RD Favorites form Pure Encapsulation

Pure Encapsulations O.N.E. Multivitamin

$46 at Amazon

Pure Encapsulations Liposomal Vitamin C

$43 at Amazon

Best With Whole Food Ingredients

Garden of Life

Credit: Amazon

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Pros

Whole food ingredients and vegan
Certified USDA Organic
Many products are approved by ConsumerLabs and/or NSF certified

Cons

Some products include herbal and enzyme blends that might not be best for all

Key Specs:
Vitamin Forms: Tablets, gummies, chewables, liquid, spray, powders Certifications: USDA Organic, non-GMO Organic: Yes Non-GMO: Yes

If you are looking for an organic vitamin brand that uses whole-food ingredients, Garden of Life mykind Organics may be your choice. Mykind Organics produces a variety of vitamins and shares where the ingredients come from. The company pays attention to details such as farming practices and how farm workers are treated. Each product is vegan, certified USDA Organic, and non-GMO Verified. Many of their products are NSF Certified and/or ConsumerLab-approved.

Mykind Organics produces vitamins in various forms, including tablets, chewables, liquid, gummies, and a spray, so you will find a form you or your child will enjoy. Garden of Life also has a variety of independently verified sports supplements, like one of our favorite tested protein powders, Garden of Life Sport Protein Powder. We also love Garden of Life Raw Organic Perfect Food as our favorite greens powder because of its pleasant, fruity taste and a good source of many vitamins. We appreciate that all their products are free from synthetic ingredients, artificial flavors, and fillers.

Some vitamin and protein powder products contain extensive ingredient lists, sometimes with different herb blends. If you take other medications or supplements, read the label thoroughly or show a healthcare provider to check for potential interactions.

RD Favorites from Garden of Life

Garden of Life SPORT Grass Fed Whey Protein Powder

$42

$40 at Amazon

Garden of Life Mykind Organics Women’s Daily Tablets

Amazon Garden of Life Mykind Organics Womenâs Daily Tablets

$52

$30 at Amazon

Garden of Life Green Superfood Juiced Greens Powder

Garden of Life Raw Organic Perfect Food Green Superfood Juiced Greens Powder Apple Flavor

$45

$31 at Amazon

Garden of Life mykind Organic Turmeric Booster

$24

$22 at Amazon

This superfood greens powder contains digestive enzymes and probiotics. Credit: Verywell Fit
The flavor has some fruity notes that complement the grassy taste of the greens. Credit: Verywell Fit

Best Personalized

HUM

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Pros

Independently verified and Clean Label Project Certified
Developed by a team of Registered Dietitians
Offers personalized supplement guidance from RD experts

Cons

Some products contain herbal and enzyme blends that may not be suitable for all
Some of their beauty, detox, and metabolism supplements may lack sufficient evidence

Key Specs:
Vitamin Forms: Capsules, gummies, tablets, powders Certifications: Clean Label Project Certified Organic: No Non-GMO: Yes

HUM offers a wide range of supplements developed by a team of Registered Dietitians and physician consultants. In addition to a rigorous internal testing program, HUM participates in independent verification for purity and quality, including heavy metal testing, and the products are Clean Label Project Certified.

We love that they offer free expert advice from their team of Registered Dietitians to help personalize your supplement routine. You can opt to fill out a quiz, which is reviewed by an RD, who you can then speak with directly to answer any questions on the recommended supplement routine. They also offer a subscription service, delivering your supplements each month.

Some of our favorite products from HUM include their RD and OBGYN-formulated Womb Service, a prenatal multivitamin plus omega-3. Additionally, we like their omega-3 supplement, OMG! Omega The Great, their vitamin D3, Here Comes The Sun, B12 Turbo, and their Base Control multivitamins.

Some HUM products marketed as beauty, weight loss, metabolism, and detox supplements may lack sufficient evidence compared to the supplements we mentioned above. If you are interested in taking any of these supplements, we recommend speaking to a healthcare provider first, particularly if you are pregnant, taking medications, or have a preexisting health condition.

RD Favorites from Hum

HUM Vitamin D3 Immune System Support Supplement

Amazon HUM Here Comes the Sun Vitamin D3 Immune System Support Supplement

$17

$14 at Amazon

HUM B12 Turbo

$18

$17 at Amazon

HUM Base Control Iron Free

$18

$17 at Amazon

Hum Ashwagandha Calm Gummies

$26

$24 at Amazon

Best Sustainably Sourced

Nordic Naturals

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Pros

Independently verified with Certificates of Analysis available
Some products are NSF Certified for Sport
Certified Sustainable by Friend of the Sea and sustainable manufacturing practices

Cons

More limited product range compared to other brands on our list

Key specs:
Vitamin Forms: Capsules, powders, liquids, gummy Certifications: Friend of the Sea, COAs available for independent verification results Organic: No Non-GMO: Yes

Nordic Naturals practices sustainability in ingredient sourcing and manufacturing. This brand is best known for its omega-3 fish oil products, which are sourced from non-endangered, wild-caught fish and are all Certified Sustainable by Friend of the Sea. They also have green manufacturing policies, running the facility in Norway on biofuel from recycled materials. Additionally, their headquarters are LEED Gold Certified.

In addition to their sustainability focus, we love that Nordic Naturals uses independent verification for purity and potency, offering a Certificate of Analysis (COA) on their website for each product batch. Their commitment to quality and transparency ensures that you can trust that you are getting what the label says without any environmental toxins, including heavy metals or other potential contaminants. Nordic Naturals' Sport line of products is also NSF Certified for Sport.

They offer a range of omega-3 products, probiotics, collagen, multivitamins, individual vitamin and mineral supplements, and children's vitamins. Compared to some of the other brands on our list, they have a slightly more limited product range, with a focus on omega-3 and vitamin D3 supplements.

RD Favorites from Nordic Naturals

Nordic Naturals Ultimate Omega

$30

$21 at Amazon

Nordic Naturals Vitamin D3 Gummies

$15

$13 at Amazon

How We Selected the Best Vitamin Brands

Our team works hard to be transparent about why we recommend certain supplements; you can read more about our dietary supplement methodology here.

We support supplements that are evidence-based and rooted in science. We value certain product attributes that we find to be associated with the highest quality products.

It's important to note that the FDA does not review dietary supplements for safety and effectiveness before they go to market. To get the best vitamin brands we recommend, we spoke with several Registered Dietitians, including Gershel, who specializes in weight management, diabetes, heart health, mental health, and hormonal conditions like PCOS.

Are Vitamin Supplements Beneficial?

We recommend meeting as many of your nutrient needs as possible through eating a balanced and varied diet, but there are certain instances when supplements may be needed. If you have a diagnosed deficiency, experience malabsorption issues, or consume a limited or restrictive diet, you may benefit from a vitamin or mineral supplement. Additionally, certain life stages have increased nutrient needs. For example, pregnant and breastfeeding women, athletes, and older adults all have unique nutritional needs that might benefit from supplementing certain nutrients.

Groups who may benefit from vitamin, mineral, or other nutrient supplements include:

Those who consume limited or restricted diets that may not be adequate in certain vitamins, minerals, and nutrients, such as those who are vegetarian or vegan, or those who do not eat a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, proteins, dairy, nuts, or seeds, may benefit from certain vitamin, mineral, or nutrient supplements.

Those with absorption issues: If you have a condition that limits your absorption of certain nutrients, you will likely benefit from supplementation.

Those with a diagnosed deficiency: Vitamin deficiencies can occur for various reasons, such as following a restrictive diet or having poor absorption due to certain conditions or medications. If you are diagnosed with a vitamin deficiency via a blood test, a healthcare provider may recommend using a vitamin supplement. They can suggest a recommended dose and form appropriate for your needs.

Those who are pregnant or breastfeeding: The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for pregnant women is slightly higher for certain nutrients. Some nutrients needed to support a healthy pregnancy include calcium, iron, choline, omega-3 fats, vitamin C, and B vitamins, including folic acid. If you are pregnant or breastfeeding, you are at greater risk of nutrient deficiency, and prenatal vitamins are essential.

Older adults: Adults over 50 may benefit from vitamin supplements if they cannot meet their needs through food due to decreased appetite or other reasons. As we age, our absorption of certain vitamins diminishes. It is important to speak with a healthcare provider to ensure that supplements do not interact with any medications you're taking.

Who May Not Benefit From Vitamin Supplements

There are many different types of vitamin supplements on the market, and whether or not you will benefit from one is highly individual and dependent on your diet, lifestyle, health status, and whether you take certain medications. It’s important to consult with a healthcare provider before taking any supplements to ensure that they are safe and meet your individual needs.

People who eat a well-balanced diet. If you eat a varied diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, seeds, or dairy, and a mix of protein-rich foods like beans, fish, tofu, poultry, and meat, you are likely meeting your nutrient needs through your diet.

People with certain medical conditions. Some supplements can make medical conditions worse, so it’s best to check with your healthcare provider before starting on any supplement.

People taking certain medications. Supplements may interact with medications, so if you are taking any medications, check with your healthcare provider before starting on a supplement.

What to Look For

Independent Verification

Supplements that are independently verified are sent to a lab, where they are tested to ensure that they contain what they say they contain and are not contaminated with specific high-risk contaminants. However, it’s important to note:

Independent verification does not test to see whether a product is effective or safe for everyone, and it does not ensure the supplement will not interact with other supplements or medications.
Not all independent verification is created equal. It is not uncommon for supplement companies to pay labs for certificates after conducting minimal or no testing.
The independent verifications we trust are: ConsumerLab.com, NSF, and USP. However, these certifications are difficult to obtain and/or expensive for manufacturers, so many companies choose not to get their products tested by one of these three organizations.
Sometimes products tested by these three companies are more expensive, as a way to try to offset the cost they pay for certification.
Just because a supplement is not tested by one of these three companies does not mean it’s a bad product. We recommend doing some research on the reputation of the manufacturer and calling up the manufacturer and its testing lab to determine their protocols and decide whether you feel comfortable consuming the supplement.
When in doubt, consult a registered dietitian or nutritionist to further assist you with verifying whether or not you need a supplement and, if so, to help you find the right one for you.

Form

Vitamin supplements come in varying forms, including capsules, liquids, chewables, gummies, powders, and sprays. Gummies and liquid forms may be beneficial for those who have trouble swallowing capsules, such as children or older adults. However, some liquid supplements may require refrigeration, and some gummies contain added sugars.

Certain brands offer supplements in different forms, so you can base your choice on personal preference. The form of the vitamin will vary among vitamins and brands, so whether you buy vitamins online or in person, check the label of your brand of choice.

Ingredients and Potential Interactions

It is essential to carefully read the ingredient list and nutrition facts panel of a supplement to know which ingredients are present and how much of each ingredient is included relative to its recommended daily value. Please take the supplement label to a healthcare provider to review the ingredients contained in the supplement and any potential interactions between these ingredients and other supplements and medications you or your child is taking.

Herbal blends: Some vitamin brands include herbs in their ingredient lists. If you are taking medications or other supplements, you should check with a healthcare provider before using vitamins with these ingredients to avoid unwanted interactions. Certain herbs can reduce the efficacy of particular medications or cause other unwanted side effects.

Dosage

Always speak with a healthcare professional before adding a supplement to your routine to ensure that it is appropriate for your needs and to understand which dosage to take.

Dosage will vary, depending on what vitamin supplement you are taking and why. For each vitamin, there is a recommended dietary allowance (RDA) or adequate intake level (AI) as well as a tolerable upper limit (UL), which you can find via the National Institutes of Health. Follow dosage recommendations provided by a healthcare provider.

How Much Is Too Much?

It is important to ensure you take the proper dose of a given vitamin. The upper limits for different vitamins are established by the National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. The water-soluble vitamins, which include vitamins C and B vitamins, are not likely to become toxic because our bodies will excrete excess amounts. Fat-soluble vitamins, which include vitamins A, D, E, and K, can become toxic at high doses. Be sure to consult with a healthcare provider to find the right dose for you and opt for a reputable vitamin brand.

Our Experts

Jamie Gershel, MS, RD, registered dietitian specializing in weight management, diabetes, heart health, mental health, and hormonal conditions like PCOS.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the best brand of vitamin B12?

Vitamin B12 is involved in nervous system functioning, energy metabolism, blood cell formation, and other body functions. If you follow a vegan or vegetarian diet, you may be at increased risk of a B12 deficiency since the main food sources of vitamin B12 include meat, fish, poultry, eggs, and dairy products, and you will likely benefit from a supplement. Older adults may also be at risk of vitamin B12 deficiency because it is common to have a decreased ability to absorb it. Some brands we like include Thorne Research, Pure Encapsulations, and Nature Made.
What vitamin brands are made in the USA?

Many vitamin brands source ingredients from around the world and manufacture their products in the United States. Among the recommended brands listed here, Thorne Research manufactures many of its products in the USA. Additionally, Pure Encapsulations, Klean Athlete, mykind Organics, Nature Made, and SmartyPants produce their vitamins in the USA, utilizing both domestic and imported ingredients.
Are store vitamin brands good quality?

Store vitamin brands can be of good quality, but it is important to look for independent verification and transparency regarding quality practices and to review ingredient lists. If you are uncertain about a particular vitamin brand, consult a healthcare provider.
Is there really a difference between vitamin brands?

As the FDA only minimally regulates vitamins, each brand is a uniquely separate entity. There is no single organization that oversees all vitamins, so each brand is different from the next when it comes to independent verification, quality control, ingredients, and even vitamin forms and dosing.
Are expensive vitamin brands better?

Price doesn't always determine quality when it comes to vitamin brands. Instead of purchasing expensive vitamins under the assumption that they will have high-quality ingredients, choose vitamin brands based on factors like independent verification, actual ingredients, the right vitamin form for your needs, and formulas with low amounts of filler ingredients or additives.

Why Trust Verywell Fit

Tamar Kane, MS, RD, is a registered dietitian, Verywell Fit nutrition writer, and marathon runner. She is the founder of Tamar Kane Nutrition, a virtual practice that focuses on helping runners learn to fuel their running and their lives.

Tamar has a master's degree in nutrition and exercise physiology from Teachers College, Columbia University, and specializes in working with plant-based athletes. Her goal is to help people understand how to properly fuel their bodies (and supplement if needed!) to optimize performance and well-being.

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11 Sources

Verywell Fit uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.

Fuhrman J, Ferreri DM. Fueling the vegetarian (vegan) athlete. Current Sports Medicine Reports. 2010;9(4):233-241.
McClung JP, Gaffney-Stomberg E, Lee JJ. Female athletes: A population at risk of vitamin and mineral deficiencies affecting health and performance. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology. 2014; 28(4):388-392.
Klemm S. Vitamins, minerals, and supplements: Do you need to take them?. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.
U.S. National Library of Medicine. Vitamins.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Nutrition during pregnancy.
Bird JK, Murphy RA, Ciappio ED, McBurney MI. Risk of deficiency in multiple concurrent micronutrients in children and adults in the United States. Nutrients. 2017;9(7)655.
National Institute on Aging. Dietary supplements for older adults.
Russell RM. Factors in aging that effect the bioavailability of nutrients. J Nutr. 2001;131(4):1359S-1361S.
Eichhorn T, Greten HJ, Efferth T. Self-medication with nutritional supplements and herbal over-the counter products. Nat Prod Bioprospect. 2011;1:62-70. doi:10.1007/s13659-011-0029-1
National Institutes of Health National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. 6 Tips: How herbs can interact with medicines.
National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin B12: Fact sheet for health professionals.